19. How do represent non integer numbers?¶

mini coverage of notebooks
floating point
IEEE double format

19.1. When would you use the REPL with Python?¶

Additional context relative to class

I added here some additional context for using the notebook that I did not mention explicitly in class.

One of the questions from Tuesday was why would we ever use python in the terminal instead of by making .py files. A Juptyer notebook aims to balance the advantages of a file and working in the interpreter.

We work in our browser, and there are cells, some are Markdown.

name = 'sarah'

name

cat checker.sh

19.2. What about a fixed point?¶

Let’s experiment with an 8 bit representation with 1 bit for sign and then the next 4 used for the part of the number greater than 0 and the last 3 for the fractional part.

so then the number:

01000001

would be

0-1000-001

positive, 8.1

in this then we can represent the numbers 0-8 for the right hand side and 0-15 on the left hand side so we get

import itertools
num_list = [str(n+f) for n,f in itertools.product(range(16),[i/10 for i in range(10)])]
', '.join(num_list) + ', '.join(['-'+ n for n in num_list])

len(num_list)*2

This is far fewer different values than we could represent with 1 bit for sign and 7 bits to represent intergers

(2**7)*2

Another way we could represent numbers with a fixed point, is to use base two fractions: $\frac{1}{2}$, $\frac{1}{4}$, $\frac{1}{8}$ etc.

In this fixed point we would have, for example: 0101.1010 would be $$0*2^3 + 1*2^2 + 0*2^2 + 1*2^0 + 1*\frac{1}{2^{-1}} + 0*\frac{1}{2^{-2}} + 1*\frac{1}{2^{-}} + 0*\frac{1}{2^{-4}} = 4 + 1 + \frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{8} = 5 + \frac{5}{8}= 5.625$$

In this case we still have a small range of numbers, but it’s a different set of possible numbers.

19.3. Floating Point Notation¶

We can write numbers in many different forms. We have written integers through many different bases so far.

For example in scientific contexts, we often write numbers (in base 10) like:

\[ 3.45 \times 10^2 = 345 \]

We can use a similiar form to represent numbers in binary. Using base 2 instead of base 10.

19.4. Floating point numbers are not all exact¶

Let’s look at an example, we add .1 together 3 times, and we get the expected result.

.1 + .1 + .1

However, if we check what it’s equal to, it does not equal .3

.1 + .1 + .1 == .3

This is because the floating point representation is an approximation and there are multiple full numbers that are close to any given number that cannot be expressed exactly. However, the display truncates since usually we want only a few significant digits.
Even rounding does not make it work.

round(.1,1) + round(.1,1) + round(.1,1) == round(.3,1)

round(.1 + .1+ .1 ,1)

.1

num = .1

num

19.5. Floating point IEEE standard¶

Now, lets see how these numbers are actually represented.

IEEE Floating Point is what basically everyone uses, but it is technically a choice hardware manufacturers can techically make.

Initially in 1985
Reviesd in 2008 after 7 year process that expanded
revised in 2019 after 4 year process that mostly clarified

IBM mainframes use their own representiton based on Hex

Next revision is projected to 2028.

this is a double precision float or binary64 inthe current standard.

it was called double in the original, offiically, so it is commonly called that.

In this case we will 1 bit for sign, 11 for exponent and 52 for the fraction part

19.5.1. How do we read a number like this?¶

if the sign bit is $s$ and the number represented by the exponent bits is $e$ and the 52 bits are number from right most is 0 and the last one is 52.

\[ (-1)s + \left(1 + \sum_{i=1}^{52} b_{52-i} 2^{-i}\right) \times 2^{e-1023} \]

Note that this is $2^{-1}$ so we are working with fractions instead of integers in the sum.

So if we had:

0 01111111111 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000

it would represent:

\[ (-1)*0 + \left(1 + 0 \cdot 2^{-0} + 0 \cdot 2^{-1} + \ldots + 0 \cdot 2^{-51) + 0 \cdot 2^{-52) \times 2^{1023-1023} = 0 + (1 + 0) \times 2^0 = 1 \times 1 = 1.0 \]

or

0 01111111111 0100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000

it would represent: $$ (-1)*0 + \left(1 + 0\cdot 2^{-0} + 1\cdot 2^{-1} + \ldots + 0\cdot 2^{-51) + 0\cdot 2^{-52) \times 2^{1023-1023} = 0 + (1 + \frac{1}{2}) \times 2^0 = 1.5 \times 1 = 1.5 $$

0b01111111111

float.hex(1.5)

0b01111111000-1023

19.5.2. How do we get numbers into this form?¶

Now, let’s return to our example of .1.

First we take the sign of the number for the sign bit, but then to get the exponent and fraction, we have more work to do.

Let’s take the equation we had from the standard:

\[ \left(1 + \sum_{i=1}^{52} b_{52-i} 2^{-i}\right) \times 2^{e-1023}\]

If we think about the fraction and how we add fractions, by reaching a common denominator. Since they’re all powers of two, we can use the last one.

\[ \left(1 + \sum_{i=1}^{52} b_{52-i} 2^{-i}\right) \times 2^{e-1023}\]

\[ \left( 1 + \frac{b_{52}}{2^{1}} + \frac{b_{51}}{2^{2}} + \cdots + \frac{b_{1}}{2^{51}} + \frac{b_{0}}{2^{52}} \right) \times 2^{e-1023} \]

Now with a common denominator:

\[ \left(\frac{2^{52}}{2^{52}} + \frac{2^{51} b_{52}}{2^{52}} + \frac{2^{50} b_{51}}{2^{52}} + \cdots + \frac{2^{1} b_{1}}{2^{52}} + \frac{2^0 b_{0}}{2^{52}} \right) \times 2^{e-{1023}} \]

So then this becomes a binary number with 53 bits (the 52 + 1) and a denominator of $2^{52}$, let’s call that number J.

\[ \frac{J}{2^{52}} \times 2^{e-{1023}} \]

we can then combine the powers of 2.

\[ \frac{J}{2^{52-e+1023}} \]

So i order to return to our .1 that we want to represent, we can represent it as a fraction and then estimate it in the form above.

\[\frac{1}{10} ~= \frac{ J }{2^N}\]

\[J ~= 2^N / 10\]

Since we want to use exactly 53 bits to represent $J$, we want $\frac{2^N }{10}$ to be greater than or equalt to $2^{52}$ and less than $2^{53}$.

\[ 2^{52} <= \frac{2^N }{10} < 2^{53} \]

Since $10 =8+2 = 2^3 +2^1$ then $2^3<10<2^4$ We can say that $$ \frac{2^N }{2^4} < \frac{2^N }{10} < \frac{2^N }{2^3} $$

\[ 2^{N-4} < \frac{2^N }{10} < 2^{N-3} \]

so if we want:

\[ 2^{52} <= \frac{2^N }{10} < 2^{53} \]

then best $N$ is 56, but we can check it.

2**52 <= 2**56 //10 < 2**53

Now we can get the number we will use for $J$. We want to get as close to .1 with our fraction as possible, so

q,r = divmod(2**56,10)

Then we check the remainder to decide if we should round up by 1 or not.

$ 6 > 5 = \frac{10}{2}$ so we round up

q+1

then we chan check the length in bits of that number

len(bin(q+1))-2

bin(q+1)

We need $52-e+1023 = 56$ so

52-56+1023

Python doesn’t provide a binary reprsentation of floats, but it does provide a hex representation.

float.hex(.1)

If we tak the binary above, it matched this for the part before the p. 0b1 1001 1001 1001 1001 1001 1001 1001 1001 1001 1001 1001 1001 1010

after the p is the exponent of $-4 = 1019-1023$. Which matches the approximation we found.

(q+1)/2**56 == .1

this confirms that the approximaiton we found is the same as the float representation of .1.

format(.1, '.17f')

We can also use built in classes to get at the needed quantitites

from decimal import Decimal
from fractions import Fraction

Fraction.from_float(.1)

bin(3602879701896397)

bin(55)

float.hex(.1)

q/2

2**55

Decimal.from_float(.1)

Decimal.from_float(.1 + .1 + .1)

Decimal.from_float(.3)

Decimal.from_float(.4)

Decimal.from_float(.1 + .1 + .1 + .1)

19.6. Prepare for next class¶

Tip

The text in () in these sections is an explanation of why that task is assigned

Tip

If you have jupytext installed, you can make the file, floatexpt.md a runnable notebook when you open it through the jupyter notebook interface and a plain text file that is easily readable on github, by pairing or by manually creating it as a jupytext markdown notebook in any text editor (including the IDE of your choice) and then the code will execute to show the outputs when you build your KWL repo as a jupyterbook. Jupyter book will be able to run it even if you don’t separately install jupytext, but you need the jupytext to generate it automatically.

Write a C program to compare values as doubles and as float (single precision/32bit) to see that this comparison issue is related to the IEEE standard and is not language specific. Make notes and comparison around its behavior and include it in a code cell in cdouble.md(to practice)
(priority) confirm that you can run the hardware simulator HardwareSimulator not CPUEmulator that we used before (we will use this in class )

19.7. More Practice¶

In floatexpt.md design an experiment using the fractions.Fraction class in python that shows helps illustrate how .1*3 == .3 evaluates to False but .1*4 ==.4 evaluates to True. (practice/review)

Introduction to Computer Systems

How do represent non integer numbers?

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